all publications


2023

Wei Liu, Xiyan Fu, and Michael Strube (2023).
Modeling structural similarities between documents for coherence assessment with graph convolutional networks.
In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 9–14 July 2023, pages 7792–7808. PDF.

Wei Liu and Michael Strube (2023).
Annotation-inspired implicit discourse relation classification with auxiliary discourse connective generation.
In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 9–14 July 2023, pages 15696–15712. PDF.

Mehwish Fatima and Michael Strube (2023).
Cross-lingual science journalism: Select, simplify and rewrite summaries for non-expert readers.
In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 9–14 July 2023, pages 1843–1861. PDF.

Wei Zhao, Michael Strube, and Steffen Eger (2023).
DiscoScore: Evaluating text generation with BERT and discourse coherence.
In Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2–6 May 2023, pages 3865–3883. PDF.

Wei Zhao, Federico López, J. Maxwell Riestenberg, Michael Strube, Diaaeldin Taha, and Steve Trettel (2023).
Modeling graphs beyond hyperbolic: Graph neural networks in symmetric positive definite matrices.
In Proceedings of Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track - European Conference, ECML PKDD 2023, Turin, Italy, 18-22 September 2023, pages 122–139. PDF.

Haixia Chai and Michael Strube (2023).
Invesitgating multilingual coreference resolution by universal annotations.
In Proceedings of the Findings of the Asscociation for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023, Singapore, 6–10 December 2023.
to appear.

Wei Liu, Yi Fan, and Michael Strube (2023).
HITS at DISRPT 2023: Discourse segmentation, connective detection, and relation classification.
In Proceedings of the 3rd Shared Task on Discourse Relation Parsing and Treebanking (DISRPT 2023), Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 14 July 2023, pages 43–49. PDF.

Mehwish Fatima, Tim Kolber, Katja Markert, and Michael Strube (2023).
SimCSum: Joint learning of simplification and cross-lingual summarization fpr cross-lingual science journalism.
In Proceedings of the Forth Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization. Singapore, 6 December 2023.
to appear.

Chloé Braud, Christian Hardmeier, Junyi Jessy Li, Sharid Loáciaga, Michael Strube, and Amir Zeldes, editors (2023).
Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Discourse, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 13–14 July 2023. PDF.

Aarohi Srivastava, Abhinav Rastogi, and Abhishek Rao ...Michael Strube and another 400 something authors (2023).
Beyond the imitation game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models.
Transactions of Machine Learning Research. link.
Published 05/2023.


2022

Sungho Jeon and Michael Strube (2022).
Entity-based neural local coherence modeling.
In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Dublin, Ireland, 22-27 May 2022, pages 7787–7805. PDF.

Haixia Chai and Michael Strube (2022).
Incorporating centering theory into neural coreference resolution.
In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Seattle, Wash., and Online, 10–15 July 2022, pages 2996–3002. PDF.

Liang Siting, Klaus Kades, Matthias A. Fink, Peter M. Full, Tim F. Weber, Jens Klessiek, Michael Strube, and Klaus Maier-Hein (2022).
Fine-tuning BERT models for summarizing German radiology findings.
In Proceedings of the 4th Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop, Seattle, Wash., USA, 14 July 2022, pages 30–40. PDF.

Juntao Yu, Sopan Khosla, Ramesh Manuvinakurike, Lori Levin, Vincent Ng, Massimo Poesio, Michael Strube, and Carolyn Rosé, editors (2022).
Proceedings of the CODI-CRAC 2022 Shared Task on Anaphora, Bridging, and Discourse Deixis in Dialogue, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea, 16–17 October 2022. PDF.

Juntao Yu, Sopan Khosla, Ramesh Manuvinakurike, Lori Levin, Vincent Ng, Massimo Poesio, Michael Strube, and Carolyn Rosé (2022).
The CODI-CRAC 2022 shared task on anaphora, bridging, and discourse deixis in dialogue.
In Proceedings of the CODI-CRAC 2022 Shared Task on Anaphora, Bridging, and Discourse Deixis in Dialogue, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea, 17 October 2022, pages 1–14. PDF.

Chloé Braud, Christian Hardmeier, Junyi Jessy Li, Sharid Loáciaga, Michael Strube, and Amir Zeldes, editors (2022).
Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Discourse, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea, 16–17 October 2022. PDF.

Haixia Chai, Nafise Sadat Moosavi, Iryna Gurevych, and Michael Strube (2022).
Evaluating coreference resolvers on community-based question answering: From rule-based to state of the art.
In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea, 16–17 October 2022, pages 61–73. PDF.


2021

Federico López, Beatrice Pozzetti, Steve Trettel, Michael Strube, and Anna Wienhard (2021).
Vector-valued distance and gyrocalculus on the space of symmetric positive definite matrices.
In Proceedings of the Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Online, 6–14 December 2021. link.
to appear.

Federico López, Beatrice Pozzetti, Steve Trettel, Michael Strube, and Anna Wienhard (2021).
Symmetric spaces for graph embeddings: A Finsler-Riemannian approach.
In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning, Online, 18–24 July 2021, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 139, PMLR 2021, pages 7090–7101. PDF.

Sopan Khosla, Juntao Yu, Ramesh Manuvinakurike, Vincent Ng, Massimo Poesio, Michael Strube, and Carolyn Rosé, editors (2021).
Proceedings of the CODI-CRAC 2021 Shared Task on Anaphora, Bridging, and Discourse Deixis in Dialogue, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, 10 November 2021. PDF.

Sopan Khosla, Juntao Yu, Ramesh Manuvinakurike, Vincent Ng, Massimo Poesio, Michael Strube, and Carolyn Rosé (2021).
The CODI-CRAC 2021 shared task on anaphora, bridging, and discourse deixis in dialogue.
In Proceedings of the CODI-CRAC 2021 Shared Task on Anaphora, Bridging, and Discourse Deixis in Dialogue, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, 10 November 2021, pages 1–15. PDF.

Mehwish Fatima and Michael Strube (2021).
A novel Wikipedia based dataset for monolingual and cross-lingual summarization.
In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on New Frontiers in Summarization. Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, 10 November 2021, pages 39–50. PDF.

Sungho Jeon and Michael Strube (2021).
Countering the influence of essay length in neural essay scoring.
In Porceedings of the Second Workshop on Sustainable NLP. Punta Cana, Domincan Republic, 10 November, 2021, pages 32–38. PDF.

Chloé Braud, Christian Hardmeier, Junyi Jessy Li, Annie Louis, Michael Strube, and Amir Zeldes, editors (2021).
Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Discourse, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, 10–11 November 2021. PDF.

Michael Strube (2021).
Computerwissenschaften und The Circle – The Circle und Computerwissenschaften.
In K. Kempter and M. Eggebrecht, editors, Krise(n) der Moderne. Über Literatur und Zeitdiagnostik, pages 451–460. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg, Germany.


2020

Federico López and Michael Strube (2020).
A fully hyperbolic neural model for hierarchical multi-class classification.
In Proceedings of the Findings of the Asscociation for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020, Online, 16–20 November 2020. pages 460–475. PDF.

Sungho Jeon and Michael Strube (2020).
Centering-based neural coherence modeling with hierarchical discourse segments.
In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Online, 16–20 November 2020, pages 7458–7472. PDF.

Sungho Jeon and Michael Strube (2020).
Incremental neural lexical coherence modeling.
In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Barcelona, Spain (Online), 8–13 December 2020, pages 6752–6758. PDF.

Kevin Alex Mathews and Michael Strube (2020).
A large harvested corpus of location metonymy.
In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Marseille, France, 11–16 May 2020, pages 5678–5687. PDF.

Haixia Chai, Wei Zhao, Steffen Eger, and Michael Strube (2020).
Evaluation of coreference resolution systems under adversarial attacks.
In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Computational Approaches to Discourse, Online, 20 November 2020, pages 154–159. PDF.

Chloé Braud, Christian Hardmeier, Junyi Jessy Li, Annie Louis, and Michael Strube, editors (2020).
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Computational Approaches to Discourse, Online, 20 November 2020. PDF.

Mark-Christoph Müller, Sucheta Ghosh, Maja Rey, Ulrike Wittig, Wolfgang Müller, and Michael Strube (2020).
Reconstructing manual information extraction with DB-to-document backprojection: Experiments in the life science domain.
In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Scholarly Document Processing, Online, 20 November 2020, pages 81–90. PDF.


2019

Nafise Sadat Moosavi, Leo Born, Massimo Poesio, and Michael Strube (2019).
Handling domain shift in coreference evaluation by using automatically extracted minimum spans.
In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Florence, Italy, 28 July – 2 August 2019, pages 4168–4178. PDF.

Benjamin Heinzerling and Michael Strube (2019).
Sequence tagging with contextual and non-contextual subword representations: A multilingual evaluation.
In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Florence, Italy, 28 July – 2 August 2019, pages 273–291. PDF.

Yi Zhu, Benjamin Heinzerling, Ivan Vulić, Michael Strube, Roi Reichart, and Anna Korhonen (2019).
On the importance of subword information for morphological tasks in truly low-resource languages.
In Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, Hong Kong, 3–4 November 2019. PDF.

Federico López, Benjamin Heinzerling, and Michael Strube (2019).
Fine-grained entity typing in hyperbolic space.
In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP, Florence, Italy, 2 August 2019, pages 169–180. PDF.

Ivan Sekulić and Michael Strube (2019).
Adapting deep learning methods for mental health prediction on social media.
In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (W-NUT 2019), Hong Kong, 4 November 2019, pages 322–327. PDF.


2018

Yufang Hou, Katja Markert, and Michael Strube (2018).
Unrestricted bridging resolution.
Computational Linguistics, 44(2):237–284, DOI PDF.

Nafise Sadat Moosavi and Michael Strube (2018).
Using linguistic features to improve generalization in neural coreference resolvers.
In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, 31 October – 4 November 2018, pages 193–203. PDF.

Mohsen Mesgar and Michael Strube (2018).
A neural local coherence model for text quality assessment.
In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, 31 October – 4 November 2018, pages 4328–4339. PDF.

Mark-Christoph Müller and Michael Strube (2018).
Transparent, efficient, and robust word embedding access with WOMBAT.
In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, Santa Fé, New Mexico, 20–26 August 2018, pages 53–57. PDF.

Benjamin Heinzerling and Michael Strube (2018).
BPEmb: Tokenization-free pre-trained subword embeddings in 275 languages.
In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Miyazaki, Japan, 7–12 May 2018. PDF.

Julia Suter and Michael Strube (2018).
Extending and exploiting the entity graph for analysis, classification and visualization of German texts.
In Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS), Vienna, Austria, 17–19 September 2018, pages 136–140.
URL .

Angelika Kirilin and Michael Strube (2018).
Exploiting a speaker's credibility to detect fake news.
In Workshop on Data Science, Journalism and Media, London, UK, 20 August 2018, page 7 pages.
URL .

Mark Alfano, Dirk Hovy, Margaret Mitchell, and Michael Strube, editors (2018).
Proceedings of the 2nd ACL Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing, New Orleans, Louis., 5 June 2018. PDF.


2017

Nafise Sadat Moosavi and Michael Strube (2017).
Lexical features in coreference resolution: To be used with caution.
In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 30 July –4 August 2017. PDF.

Benjamin Heinzerling, Nafise Sadat Moosavi, and Michael Strube (2017).
Revisiting selectional preferences for coreference resolution.
In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Copenhagen, Denmark, 7–11 September 2017, pages 1343–1350. PDF.

Benjamin Heinzerling, Michael Strube, and Chin-Yew Lin (2017).
Trust, but verify! Better entity linking through automatic verification.
In Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Valencia, Spain, 3–7 April 2017, pages 828–838. PDF.

Alex Judea and Michael Strube (2017).
Event argument identification on dependency graphs with bidirectional LSTMs.
In Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, Taipei, Taiwan, 27 November – 1 December 2017, pages 822–831. PDF.

Nafise Sadat Moosavi and Michael Strube (2017).
Use generalized representations, but do not forget surface features.
In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond OntoNotes, Valencia, Spain, 4 April 2017, pages 1–7, PDF.

Leo Born, Mohsen Mesgar, and Michael Strube (2017).
Using a graph-based coherence model in document-level machine translation.
In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Discourse in Machine Translation, Copenhagen, Denmark, 8 September 2017, pages 26–35, PDF.

Dirk Hovy, Shannon Spruit, Margaret Mitchell, Emily M. Bender, Michael Strube, and Hanna Wallach, editors (2017).
Proceedings of the First ACL Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing, Valencia, Spain, 4 April 2017. PDF.

Sadao Kurohashi and Michael Strube, editors (2017).
Proceedings of the IJCNLP 2017, Tutorial Abstracts, Taipei, Taiwan, 27 November 2017. PDF.


2016

Nafise Sadat Moosavi and Michael Strube (2016).
Which coreference evaluation metric do you trust? A proposal for a link-based entity aware metric.
In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Berlin, Germany, 7–12 August 2016, pages 632–642. PDF.

Mohsen Mesgar and Michael Strube (2016).
Lexical coherence graph modeling using word embeddings.
In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, San Diego, Cal., 12–17 June 2016, pages 1414–1423, PDF.

Nafise Sadat Moosavi and Michael Strube (2016).
Search space pruning: A simple solution for better coreference resolvers.
In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, San Diego, Cal., 12–17 June 2016, pages 1005–1011, PDF.

Daraksha Parveen, Mohsen Mesgar, and Michael Strube (2016).
Generating coherent summaries of scientific articles using coherence patterns.
In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Austin, Tex., 1–5 November 2016, pages 772–783. PDF.

Alex Judea and Michael Strube (2016).
Incremental global event extraction.
In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Osaka, Japan, 11–16 December 2016, pages 2279–2289. PDF.

Bernd Resch, Anja Summa, Peter Zeile, and Michael Strube (2016).
Citizen-centric urban planning through extracting emotion information from Twitter in an interdisciplinary space-time-linguistics algorithm.
Urban Planning, 1(2):114–127. DOI
URL .

Madeline Remse, Mohsen Mesgar, and Michael Strube (2016).
Feature-rich error detection in scientific writing using logistic regression.
In Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, San Diego, Cal., 16 June 2016. pages 162–171. PDF.

Anja Summa, Bernd Resch, and Michael Strube (2016).
Microblog emotion classification by computing similarity in text, time, and space.
In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of People's Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media, Osaka, Japan, 12 December 2016, pages 153–162. PDF.

Benjamin Heinzerling, Alex Judea, and Michael Strube (2016).
HITS at TAC KBP 2015: Entity discovery and linking, and event nugget detection.
In Proceedings of the Text Analysis Conference, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 16–17 November 2015.
URL .


2015

Sebastian Martschat and Michael Strube (2015).
Latent structures for coreference resolution.
Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 3:405–418. PDF.

Daraksha Parveen and Michael Strube (2015).
Integrating importance, non-redundancy and coherence in graph-based extractive summarization.
In Proceedings of the 24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 25–31 July 2015. pages 1298–1304. PDF.

Daraksha Parveen, Hans-Martin Ramsl, and Michael Strube (2015).
Topical coherence for graph-based extractive summarization.
In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Lisbon, Portugal, 17–21 September 2015. pages 1949–1954. PDF.

Sebastian Martschat, Patrick Claus, and Michael Strube (2015).
Plug latent structures and play coreference resolution.
In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, Beijing, China, 26–31 July 2015, pages 61–66. PDF.

Benjamin Heinzerling and Michael Strube (2015).
Visual error analysis for entity linking.
In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, Beijing, China, 26–31 July 2015, pages 37–42. PDF.

Sebastian Martschat, Thierry Göckel, and Michael Strube (2015).
Analyzing and visualizing coreference resolution errors.
In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstration Session, Denver, Col., 31 May – 5 June 2015, pages 6–10, PDF.

Mohsen Mesgar and Michael Strube (2015).
Graph-based coherence modeling for assessing readability.
In Proceedings of STARSEM 2015: The Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics, Denver, Col., 4–5 June 2015. pages 309–318. PDF.

Alex Judea and Michael Strube (2015).
Event extraction as frame-semantic parsing.
In Proceedings of STARSEM 2015: The Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics, Denver, Col., 4–5 June 2015. pages 159–164. PDF.


2014

Sameer Pradhan, Xiaoqiang Luo, Marta Recasens, Eduard Hovy, Vincent Ng, and Michael Strube (2014).
Scoring coreference partitions of predicted mentions: A reference implementation.
In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), Baltimore, Md., 22–27 June 2014, pages 30–35. PDF.

Angela Fahrni and Michael Strube (2014).
A latent variable model for discourse-aware concept and entity disambiguation.
In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Gothenburg, Sweden, 26–30 April 2014, pages 491–500. PDF.

Yufang Hou, Katja Markert, and Michael Strube (2014).
A rule-based system for end-to-end bridging resolution.
In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Doha, Qatar, 25–29 October 2014, pages 2082–2093. PDF.

Sebastian Martschat and Michael Strube (2014).
Recall error analysis for coreference resolution.
In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Doha, Qatar, 25–29 October 2014, pages 2070–2081. PDF.

Nafise Sadat Moosavi and Michael Strube (2014).
Unsupervised coreference resolution by utilizing the most informative relations.
In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Dublin, Ireland, 23–29 August 2014, pages 644–655. PDF.

Angela Fahrni, Benjamin Heinzerling, Thierry Göckel, and Michael Strube (2014).
HITS' monolingual and cross-lingual entity linking system at TAC
In Proceedings of the Text Analysis Conference, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 18–19 November 2013.
URL .

Mohsen Mesgar and Michael Strube (2014).
Normalized entity graph for computing local coherence.
In Proceedings of TextGraphs-9: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing, Workshop at EMNLP 2014, Doha, Qatar, 29 October 2014, pages 1–5. PDF.

Daraksha Parveen and Michael Strube (2014).
Multi-document summarization using bipartite graphs.
In Proceedings of TextGraphs-9: Graph-based Methods for Natural Language Processing, Workshop at EMNLP 2014, Doha, Qatar, 29 October 2014, pages 15–24. PDF.


2013

Vivi Nastase and Michael Strube (2013).
Transforming Wikipedia into a large scale multilingual concept network.
Artificial Intelligence, 194:62–85. DOI PDF.

Camille Guinaudeau and Michael Strube (2013).
Graph-based local coherence modeling.
In Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Sofia, Bulgaria, 4–9 August 2013, pages 93–103. PDF.

Yufang Hou, Katja Markert, and Michael Strube (2013).
Global inference for bridging anaphora resolution.
In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Atlanta, Georgia, 9–14 June 2013, pages 907–917, PDF.

Yufang Hou, Katja Markert, and Michael Strube (2013).
Cascading collective classification for bridging anaphora recognition using a rich linguistic feature set.
In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Seattle, Wash., 18–21 October 2013. pages 814–820. PDF.

Angela Fahrni, Thierry Göckel, and Michael Strube (2013).
HITS' monolingual and cross-lingual entity linking system at TAC 2012: A joint approach.
In Proceedings of the Text Analysis Conference, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 5–6 November 2012.
URL .


2012

Katja Markert, Yufang Hou, and Michael Strube (2012).
Collective classification for fine-grained information status.
In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Jeju Island, Korea, 8–14 July 2012, pages 795–804. PDF.

Angela Fahrni and Michael Strube (2012).
Jointly disambiguating and clustering concepts and entities with Markov logic.
In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Mumbai, India, 8–15 December 2012, pages 815–832. PDF.

Vivi Nastase, Alex Judea, Katja Markert, and Michael Strube (2012).
Local and global context for supervised and unsupervised metonymy resolution.
In Proceedings of the 2012 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Natural Language Learning, Jeju Island, Korea, 12–14 July 2012, pages 183–193. PDF.

Sebastian Martschat, Jie Cai, Samuel Broscheit, Éva Mújdricza-Maydt, and Michael Strube (2012).
A multigraph model for coreference resolution.
In Proceedings of the Shared Task of the 16th Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, Jeju Island, Korea, 12–14 July 2012, pages 100–106. PDF.

Angela Fahrni, Vivi Nastase, and Michael Strube (2012).
HITS' cross-lingual entity linking system at TAC 2011: One model for all languages.
In Proceedings of the Text Analysis Conference, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 14–15 November 2011.
URL .

Alex Judea, Vivi Nastase, and Michael Strube (2012).
Concept-based selectional preferences and distributional representations from Wikipedia articles.
In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Istanbul, Turkey, 21–27 May 2012.
URL .


2011

Simone Paolo Ponzetto and Michael Strube (2011).
Taxonomy induction based on a collaboratively built knowledge repository.
Artificial Intelligence, 175(9/10):1737–1756. DOI PDF.

Jie Cai, Éva Mújdricza-Maydt, and Michael Strube (2011).
Unrestricted coreference resolution via global hypergraph partitioning.
In Proceedings of the Shared Task of the 15th Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, Portland, Oreg., 23–24 June 2011, pages 56–60. PDF.

Jie Cai, Éva Mújdricza-Maydt, Yufang Hou, and Michael Strube (2011).
Weakly supervised graph-based coreference resolution for clinical data.
In Proceedings of the 5th i2b2 Shared Tasks and Workshop on Challenges in Natural Language Processing for Clinical Data, Washington, D.C., 20-21 October 2011.

Angela Fahrni, Vivi Nastase, and Michael Strube (2011).
HITS' graph-based system at the NTCIR-9 cross-lingual link discovery task.
In Proceedings of the 9th NTCIR Workshop Meeting, Tokyo, Japan, 6-9 December 2011, pages 473–480.
URL .

Cäcilia Zirn, Matthias Niepert, Heiner Stuckenschmidt, and Michael Strube (2011).
Fine-grained sentiment analysis with structural features.
In Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 8–13 November 2011, pages 336–344. PDF.

Alex Judea, Vivi Nastase, and Michael Strube (2011).
WikiNetTk – A tool kit for embedding world knowledge in NLP applications.
In Proceedings of the IJCNLP 2011 System Demonstrations, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 9 November 2011, pages 1–4. PDF.

Christoph Monz, Vivi Nastase, Matteo Negri, Angela Fahrni, Yashar Mehdad, and Michael Strube (2011).
CoSyne: A framework for multilingual content synchronization of Wikis.
In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration, Mountain View, Cal., 3–5 October 2011, pages 217–218.

Stephanie Schuldes, Katarina Boland, Michael Roth, Michael Strube, Susanne Krömker, and Anette Frank (2011).
Modeling spatial knowledge for generating verbal and visual route directions.
In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Kaiserslautern, Germany, 12–14 September 2011, volume 4, pages 372–379, PDF.


2010

Michael Strube (2010).
Wikipedia: Wissen für die Künstliche Intelligenz.
Spektrum der Wissenschaft, pages 94–102, December

Jie Cai and Michael Strube (2010).
End-to-end coreference resolution via hypergraph partitioning.
In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Beijing, China, 23–27 August 2010, pages 143–151. PDF.

Jie Cai and Michael Strube (2010).
Evaluation metrics for end-to-end coreference resolution systems.
In Proceedings of the SIGdial 2010 Conference: The 11th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, Tokyo, Japan, 24–25 September 2010, pages 28–36. PDF.

Vivi Nastase, Michael Strube, Benjamin Börschinger, Cäcilia Zirn, and Anas Elghafari (2010).
WikiNet: A very large scale multi-lingual concept network.
In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, La Valetta, Malta, 17–23 May 2010.
URL .


2009

Michael Strube (2009).
Anaphernresolution.
In K.-U. Carstensen, C. Ebert, C. Endriss, S. Jekat, R. Klabunde, and H. Langer, editors, Computerlinguistik und Sprachtechnologie. Eine Einführung, pages 399–409. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 3rd edition,

Viola Ganter and Michael Strube (2009).
Finding hedges by chasing weasels: Hedge detection using Wikipedia tags and shallow linguistic features.
In Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Conference Short Papers, Singapore, 2–7 August 2009, pages 173–176. PDF.

Vivi Nastase and Michael Strube (2009).
Combining collocations, lexical and encyclopedic knowledge for metonymy resolution.
In Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Singapore, 6–7 August 2009, pages 910–918. PDF.

Stephanie Schuldes, Michael Roth, Anette Frank, and Michael Strube (2009).
Creating an annotated corpus for generating walking directions.
In Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Workshop on Language Generation and Summarisation, Singapore, 6 August 2009, pages 72–76, PDF.

Katja Filippova and Michael Strube (2009).
Tree linearization in English: Improving language model based approaches.
In Companion Volume to the Proceedings of Human Language Technologies 2009: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Boulder, Col., 31 May – 5 June 2009, pages 225–228. PDF.


2008

Katja Filippova and Michael Strube (2008).
Sentence fusion via dependency graph compression.
In Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii, 25–27 October 2008, pages 177–185. PDF.

Vivi Nastase and Michael Strube (2008).
Decoding Wikipedia category names for knowledge acquisition.
In Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Chicago, Ill., 13–17 July 2008, pages 1219–1224. PDF.

Katja Filippova and Michael Strube (2008).
Dependency tree based sentence compression.
In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Natural Language Generation, Salt Fork, Ohio, 12–14 June 2008, pages 25–32, PDF.

Cäcilia Zirn, Vivi Nastase, and Michael Strube (2008).
Distinguishing between instances and classes in the Wikipedia taxonomy.
In Proceedings of the 5th European Semantic Web Conference, Tenerife, Spain, 1–5 June 2008, pages 376–387. DOI PDF.

Simone Paolo Ponzetto and Michael Strube (2008).
WikiTaxonomy: A large scale knowledge resource.
In Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Patras, Greece, 21–25 July 2008, pages 751–752. PDF.
Short paper.

Laura Kassner, Vivi Nastase, and Michael Strube (2008).
Acquiring a taxonomy from the German Wikipedia.
In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Marrakech, Morocco, 26 May – 1 June 2008.
URL .

Margot Mieskes and Michael Strube (2008).
A three-stage disfluency classifier for multi-party dialogues.
In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Marrakech, Morocco, 26 May – 1 June 2008.
URL .

Margot Mieskes and Michael Strube (2008).
Parameters for topic boundary detection in multi-party dialogues.
In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Marrakech, Morocco, 26 May – 1 June 2008.
URL .

Mark-Christoph Müller, Margot Mieskes, and Michael Strube (2008).
Knowledge sources for bridging resolution in multi-party dialog.
In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Marrakech, Morocco, 26 May – 1 June 2008.
URL .


2007

Simone Paolo Ponzetto and Michael Strube (2007).
Knowledge derived from Wikipedia for computing semantic relatedness.
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 30:181–212. PDF.

Katja Filippova and Michael Strube (2007).
The German Vorfeld and local coherence.
Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 16(4):465–485. DOI
URL .

Michael Strube, Margot Mieskes, and Christoph Müller (2007).
Gesprächsprotokolle auf Knopfdruck: Die automatische Zusammenfassung von gesprochenen Dialogen.
In W. Kallmeyer, editor, Jahrbuch 2006 des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache: Sprachkorpora – Datenmengen und Erkenntnisfortschritt, pages 249–265. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.

Michael Strube (2007).
Corpus-based and machine learning approaches to coreference resolution.
In M. Schwarz-Friesel, M. Consten, and M. Knees, editors, Anaphors in Text. Cognitive, formal and applied approaches to anaphoric reference, pages 207–222. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Simone Paolo Ponzetto and Michael Strube (2007).
Deriving a large scale taxonomy from Wikipedia.
In Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 22–26 July 2007. pages 1440–1445. PDF.

Katja Filippova and Michael Strube (2007).
Generating constituent order in German clauses.
In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Prague, Czech Republic, 23–30 June 2007, pages 320–327. PDF.

Simone Paolo Ponzetto and Michael Strube (2007).
An API for measuring the relatedness of words in Wikipedia.
In Companion Volume to the Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Prague, Czech Republic, 23–30 June 2007, pages 49–52. PDF.

Katja Filippova, Margot Mieskes, Vivi Nastase, Simone Paolo Ponzetto, and Michael Strube (2007).
Cascaded filtering for topic-driven multi-document summarization.
In Proceedings of the Document Understanding Conference 2007. Rochester, N.Y., 26–27 April 2007, pages 30–35. PDF.

Katja Filippova and Michael Strube (2007).
Extending the entity-grid coherence model to semantically related entities.
In Proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany, 17–20 June 2007. pages 139–142. PDF.

Margot Mieskes, Christoph Müller, and Michael Strube (2007).
Improving extractive dialogue summarization by utilizing human feedback.
In Proceedings of the IASTED Artificial Intelligence and Applications Conference, Innsbruck, Austria, 11–14 February 2007.


2006

Christoph Müller and Michael Strube (2006).
Multi-level annotation of linguistic data with MMAX2.
In Sabine Braun, Kurt Kohn, and Joybrato Mukherjee, editors, Corpus Technology and Language Pedagogy: New Resources, New Tools, New Methods, pages 197–214. Peter Lang: Frankfurt a.M., Germany. PDF.

Michael Strube and Simone Paolo Ponzetto (2006).
WikiRelate! Computing semantic relatedness using Wikipedia.
In Proceedings of the 21st National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Boston, Mass., 16–20 July 2006, pages 1419–1424. PDF.

Katja Filippova and Michael Strube (2006).
Using linguistically motivated features for paragraph segmentation.
In Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Sydney, Australia, 22–23 July 2006. pages 267–274. PDF.

Simone Paolo Ponzetto and Michael Strube (2006).
Exploiting semantic role labeling, WordNet and Wikipedia for coreference resolution.
In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, New York, N.Y., 4–9 June 2006, pages 192–199. PDF.

Simone Paolo Ponzetto and Michael Strube (2006).
Semantic role labeling for coreference resolution.
In Companion Volume to the Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Trento, Italy, 3–7 April 2006, pages 143–146. PDF.

Margot Mieskes and Michael Strube (2006).
Part-of-Speech tagging of transcribed speech.
In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Genoa, Italy, 22–28 May 2006, pages 935–938.
URL .

Katja Filippova and Michael Strube (2006).
Improving text fluency by reordering of constituents.
In Proceedings of the ESSLLI Workshop on Modelling Coherence for Generation and Dialogue Systems, Málaga, Spain, 7–11 August 2006, pages 9–16. PDF.


2005

Michael Strube (2005).
Anaphora and coreference resolution, statistical.
In Keith Brown, editor, Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, volume 1, pages 216–223. Elsevier, 2nd edition. link.

Tomacz Marciniak and Michael Strube (2005).
Beyond the pipeline: Discrete optimization in NLP.
In Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA, 29–30 June 2005, pages 136–145. PDF.

Simone Paolo Ponzetto and Michael Strube (2005).
Semantic role labeling using lexical statistical information.
In Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA, 29–30 June 2005, pages 213–216. PDF.

Tomacz Marciniak and Michael Strube (2005).
Modelling and annotating the semantics of route directions.
In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Computational Semantics (IWCS-6), Tilburg, The Netherlands, 12–14 January, 2005, pages 151–162. PDF.

Tomacz Marciniak and Michael Strube (2005).
Discrete optimization as an alternative to sequential processing in NLG.
In Proceedings of the 10th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, Aberdeen, U.K., 8–10 August, 2005, pages 101–108. PDF.

Tomacz Marciniak and Michael Strube (2005).
Using an annotated corpus as a knowledge source for language generation.
In Proceedings of the Workshop on Using Corpora for Natural Language Generation, Birmingham, U.K., 14 July, 2005, pages 19–24, PDF.


2004

Michael Strube and Candy Sidner, editors (2004).
5th SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue. Proceedings of the Workshop, Cambridge, Mass.: 30 April – May 1, 2004. Stroudsberg, Penn.: Association for Computational Linguistics. link.

Michael Strube (2004).
Anaphernresolution.
In K.-U. Carstensen, C. Ebert, C. Endriss, S. Jekat, R. Klabunde, and H. Langer, editors, Computerlinguistik und Sprachtechnologie. Eine Einführung, pages 339–347. Heidelberg, Germany: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2nd edition.

Iryna Gurevych and Michael Strube (2004).
Semantic similarity applied to spoken dialogue summarization.
In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Geneva, Switzerland, 23–27 August 2004. pages 764–770. PDF.

Tomasz Marciniak and Michael Strube (2004).
Classification-based generation using TAG.
In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Language Generation, Brockenhurst, U.K., 14–16 July 2004, pages 100–109. PDF.


2003

Michael Strube and Christoph Müller (2003).
A machine learning approach to pronoun resolution in spoken dialogue.
In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Sapporo, Japan, 7–12 July 2003, pages 168–175. PDF.

Christian Elting, Gregor Möhler, Stefan Rapp, and Michael Strube (2003).
Architecture and implementation of multimodal plug and play.
In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces (ICMI-03), Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 5–7 November, 2003, pages 93–100. PDF.

Christoph Müller and Michael Strube (2003).
Multi-level annotation in MMAX.
In Proceedings of the 4th SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue, Sapporo, Japan, 5-6 July 2003, pages 198–207, PDF.

Christoph Müller and Michael Strube (2003).
A tool for multi-level annotation of language data.
In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, Wallerfangen, Germany, 4-6 September 2003. pages 199–200.


2002

Christoph Müller, Stefan Rapp, and Michael Strube (2002).
Applying Co-Training to reference resolution.
In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Philadelphia, Penn., 7–12 July 2002. pages 352–359. PDF.

Michael Strube, Stefan Rapp, and Christoph Müller (2002).
The influence of minimum edit distance on reference resolution.
In Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Philadelphia, Penn., 6–7 July 2002. pages 312–319. PDF.

Christoph Müller and Michael Strube (2002).
An API for discourse-level access to XML-encoded corpora.
In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain, 29–31 May 2002, pages 26–30. PDF.

Stefan Rapp and Michael Strube (2002).
An iterative data collection approach for multimodal dialogue systems.
In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain, 29–31 May 2002, pages 661–665. PDF.

Iryna Gurevych, Robert Porzel, and Michael Strube (2002).
Annotating semantic consistency of speech recognition hypotheses.
In Proceedings of the 3rd SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue, Philadelpia, Penn., July 11-12, 2002, pages 46–49. PDF.


2001

Christoph Müller and Michael Strube (2001).
Annotating anaphoric and bridging relations with MMAX.
In Proceedings of the 2nd SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue, Aalborg, Denmark, 1-2 September 2001, pages 90–95, PDF.

Christoph Müller and Michael Strube (2001).
MMAX: A tool for the annotation of multi-modal corpora.
In Proceedings of the 2nd IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning in Practical Dialogue Systems, Seattle, Wash., 5 August 2001, pages 45–50. PDF.


2000

Miriam Eckert and Michael Strube (2000).
Dialogue acts, synchronising units and anaphora resolution.
Journal of Semantics, 17(1):51–89. DOI PDF.

Michael Strube and Maria Wolters (2000).
A probabilistic genre-independent model of pronominalization.
In Proceedings of the 1st Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Seattle, Wash., 29 April – 3 May 2000, pages 18–25. PDF.

Rashmi Prasad and Michael Strube (2000).
Discourse salience and pronoun resolution in Hindi.
Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, 6(3):189–208. PDF.


1999

Michael Strube and Udo Hahn (1999).
Functional centering: Grounding referential coherence in information structure.
Computational Linguistics, 25(3):309–344, PDF.

Miriam Eckert and Michael Strube (1999).
Resolving discourse deictic anaphora in dialogues.
In Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Bergen, Norway, 8–12 June 1999, pages 37–44. PDF.

Kathleen F. McCoy and Michael Strube (1999).
Taking time to structure discourse: Pronoun generation beyond accessibility.
In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 19–21 August 1999, pages 378–383. PDF.

Jonathan DeCristofaro, Michael Strube, and Kathleen F. McCoy (1999).
Building a tool for annotating reference in discourse.
In ACL '99 Workshop on the Relationship between Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference, University of Maryland, Maryland, 21 June, 1999, pages 54–62. PDF.

Kathleen F. McCoy and Michael Strube (1999).
Generating anaphoric expressions: Pronoun or definite description?
In ACL '99 Workshop on the Relationship between Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference, University of Maryland, Maryland, 21 June, 1999, pages 63–71. PDF.

Miriam Eckert and Michael Strube (1999).
Dialogue acts, synchronising units and anaphora resolution.
In Proceedings of Amstelogue '99: Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 5–7 May 1999. PDF.

Miriam Eckert and Michael Strube (1999).
Types of pronominal reference in spoken dialogue.
In Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Text and Discourse, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 15–17 August 1999.


1998

Michael Strube (1998).
Never look back: An alternative to centering.
In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Montréal, Québec, Canada, 10–14 August 1998, volume 2, pages 1251–1257. PDF.


1997

Michael Strube and Udo Hahn (1997).
PARSETALK about sentence- and text-level anaphora.
In R. Mitkov and N. Nicolov, editors, Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 1995: Selected Papers from RANLP '95, pages 85–96. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Norbert Bröker, Michael Strube, Susanne Schacht, and Udo Hahn (1997).
Coarse-grained parallelism in natural language understanding: Parsing as message passing.
In H.L. Jones, D.B. andSomers, editor, New Methods in Language Processing., pages 301–317. London, U.K.: UCL Press.

Udo Hahn and Michael Strube (1997).
Centering in-the-large: Computing referential discourse segments.
In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and of the 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Madrid, Spain, 7–12 July 1997, pages 104–111. PDF.

Michael Strube and Udo Hahn (1997).
Centered segmentation: Scaling up the centering model to global referential discourse structure.
In Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Palo Alto, Cal., 7–10 August 1997. link.


1996

Michael Strube and Udo Hahn (1996).
Functional centering.
In Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Santa Cruz, Cal., 24–27 June 1996. pages 270–277. PDF.

Michael Strube (1996).
Processing complex sentences in the centering framework.
In Proceedings of the Student Session at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Santa Cruz, Cal., 24–27 June 1996, pages 378–380. PDF.

Udo Hahn, Katja Markert, and Michael Strube (1996).
A conceptual reasoning approach to textual ellipsis.
In Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Budapest, Hungary, 11–16 August 1996, pages 572–576, PDF.

Udo Hahn, Michael Strube, and Katja Markert (1996).
Bridging textual ellipses.
In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5–9 August 1996. volume 1, pages 496–501. PDF.

Udo Hahn and Michael Strube (1996).
Incremental centering and center ambiguity.
In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, La Jolla, Cal., 12–15 July 1996, pages 568–573, link.

Katja Markert, Michael Strube, and Udo Hahn (1996).
Inferential realization constraints on functional anaphora in the centering model.
In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, La Jolla, Cal., 12–15 July 1996, pages 609–614, PDF.

Udo Hahn and Michael Strube (1996).
ParseTalk about functional anaphora.
In Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Canada, 21–24 May 1996, pages 133–145, Berlin. link.


1995

Michael Strube and Udo Hahn (1995).
PARSETALK about sentence- and text-level anaphora.
In Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Dublin, Ireland, 27–31 March 1995, pages 237–244. PDF.

Michael Strube and Udo Hahn (1995).
ParseTalk about textual ellipsis.
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria, 14–16 September 1995, pages 62–72. link.


1994

Norbert Bröker, Michael Strube, Susanne Schacht, and Udo Hahn (1994).
Coarse-grained parallelism in natural language understanding: Parsing as message passing.
In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing (NeMLaP). Manchester, U.K., 14–16 September 1994, pages 182–189.